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- From the H?jen kirkebog:
Circa 1685: No marriage record found in the H?jen kirkebog for Niels Pedersen Skr?dder and first wife Maren S?rensdatter.
July 30, 1687: Die 30 Julij Niels Pedersens datter af H?yen, Nom: Anna.
March 12, 1690: Die 12 Martij Niels Pedersens s?n af H?yen, N: Jens.
May 13, 1691: Begravet, Onsdagen (after Dom. IV p. Pasch.) Niels Skr?ders hustru i H?yen.
Circa 1691: No marriage record found for Niels Pedersen Skr?dder and Inger in the following parish register: Egtved, H?jen, Jerlev, Kollerup, Vindelev, Skibet. Smidstrup and Sk?rup don't start until 1704. ?ster Starup and Vester Nebel don't start until 1712. Bredsten doesn't start until 1727. Herslev and Viuf don't start until 1734.
Extracted from the probate for Maren S?rensdatter, 2 Jyske Rytterregiment, February 27, 1692:
. . . efter Maren S?rensdatter - Niels Pedersens. . . . B?rn: Jens Nielsen, half tredje aar.
From the Anst-Jerlev-Slavs Herreders Tingbog 1692-97:
Fredag den 27 April 1694, page 80b: Bendix Funk p? vegne af Regimentskriver Blangsted har st?vnet nogle soldater logerende i Vejle under Kaptajn Borchs kompagni, nemlig Gotfred Petersen, Claus Andersen, Knud Christensen, S?ren Nielsen, Willum von Deuten, Christen Petersen og B?ye Friis, ang?ende deres forn?rmende indolenie og manddrab, som skete i H?jen den 28. marts. Kaptajn Bork er st?vnet. - Som vidner er st?vnet Mikkel Hagemand og Mads Nielsen, ryttere logerende in H?jen, samt Niels Pedersen, Hans Andersen, Jens Madsen og Jens Lassen, alle i H?jen. Niels Pedersen: Den 28 Marts, som han sad og p? sit skr?dderv?rksted og syede, da s? han, at der kom g?ende 7 soldater p? H?jen gade, som syntes at v?re drukne. Og som de kom ved Mads S?rensens k?lhave, gik der 2 g?s tilh?rende Mads S?rensen. Dem drev de foran sig, noget over agrene . . . kom Mads S?rensens hustru . . . r?bte Mads S?rensens hustru til Niels Pedersen og bad ham, at han ville hj?lpe hende hendes g?s l?s. De l?b efter g?ssene, som soldaterne drev foran sig. I det samme var Hans Andersen l?bet fra sin plov til g?ssene og tog en af g?ssene, som soldaterne forfulgte og havde beskadiget, fra deres eftertragtelse og kastede g?sen over det n?rmeste g?rde. S? gik Hans Andersen over g?rdet, tog g?sen, og sammen med de andre hosv?rende H?jen bys folk s?gte han ind til H?jen by. Og soldaterne forfulgte dem og slog med sten efter dem, og undertiden vendte H?jen folkene sig og slog med sten mod soldaterne igen. Imidlertid s?gte en soldat ved navn S?ren Nielsen s? n?r ind p? Niels Pedersen, at han hug efter ham med hans k?rde og havde snart skamhuggen ham, dersom Niels Pedersen ikke havde med et tr? v?rget sig og slaget ham dermed bag om hans hals, at soldaten m?tte vige. - I det samme kom sal. Laurids Hansen af H?jen, som nu er d?d, dertil ridende med sig havende en h?fork, s?gte ind imellem soldaterne og slog nogle slag med h?forken, indtil soldaterne blev ham for m?gtige, kom under forken og tog den fra ham, huggede og slog ham med deres k?rder og havde ham p? jorden ved et g?rde. - S? kom Laurids Hansens kone, gav sig ind imellem hendes mand og soldaterne, oven p? hendes mand,og ville frelse ham derfra. Imidlertid blev hun huggen i sin ene finger, fik hendes mand l?s, og soldaterne tog hans h?fork med sig og forf?jede sig p? vejen til Vejle. Hvorefter Laurids Hansen tillige med nogle andre H?jen folk s?gte efter soldaterne og ville have forken igen. Laurids Hansen (!) af H?jen bekr?ftede Niels Pedersen Skr?ders vidne.
From the H?jen kirkebog:
December 2, 1694: Dom. 1 Advent. Niels Pedersen Skr?ders s?n af H?yen, N: Peder.
January 6, 1698: Fest Epiph. Niels Skr?ders s?n i H?yen, Nom: Hans.
May 21, 1705: Begravet, Fest Ascens. Niels Skr?ders s?n i H?yen. (Which son: Jens or Peder?)
January 9, 1709: Dom. 1 p. Epiph. Niels Pedersens datter i H?yen, Nom: Anna. (Possible daughter?)
There is another Niels Pedersen who lived in H?jen parish, who can be found in the parish register from 1707 onwards (probably the father of the above Anne born in 1709). The November 19, 1729 probate for this other Niels Pedersen's wife, Mette Iversdatter, tells us that they had 5 children: Peder (born circa 1705), Niels (born in 1710), Anne (born in 1715), Iver (born in 1723), and Mette (born in 1719).
The Genographic Project:
The National Geographic Society, IBM, geneticist Spencer Wells, and the Waitt Family Foundation have launched the Genographic Project, a five-year effort to understand the human journey: where we came from and how we got to where we live today. New DNA studies suggest that our human ancestors evolved about 200,000 years ago in the highlands of eastern Africa. Geneticists are tracing the gradual mutation markers in our genes. Mutations in our Mitochondrial DNA (passed down by a woman to her children) have shown that we are all the descendants of a single ancestral female who lived in Africa roughly 150,000 years ago. The mutations in the Y Chromosome (passed by a father to his sons) reveals that we are all the descendants of a single male African ancestor who lived roughly 60,000 years ago. All non-African people can be traced to a descendant of his who lived roughly 55,000 years ago (mutation marker M168), probably in northeast Africa. A descendant of his (called YAP), who lived approximately 50,000 years ago, gave rise to two descendants who passed down their own mutations (markers M96 and M174). M96 lived approximately 45,000 years ago. The descendants of M96 left Africa roughly 30,000 to 40,000 years ago, and a descendant of his (marker E-M35) lived in the Middle East approximately 20,000 years ago.
Among the descendants of E-M35 arose a man with a new mutation: E1b1b (formerly E3b), whose descendants were among the first farmers. E1b1b probably first came into existence somewhere in the area of the Red Sea, most probably in or near the Horn of Africa and diffused during the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods in the Near East. The European distribution is compatible with the Neolithic demic diffusion of agriculture.
In nearly all discussion, E1b1b is equivalent to its very dominant sub-clade, E1b1b1 (E-M35), which contains nearly all of E1b1b. From E-M35 arose a man with a new mutation: E-M123, which has been found in men ranging from Central Asia to Portugal, and in Greece and Roumania to Jordan and Egypt. Looking beyond simple regional concentrations, E1b1b1c (E-M123) is also quite common among both Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews, accounting for over 10% of all male lines.
The sub-clade E1b1b1, defined by the mutation M35, has a wide distribution in Africa, Near East and Europe. This haplogroup probably appeared in the Horn of Africa and diffused during the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods in the Near East. The European distribution is compatible with the Neolithic demic diffusion of agriculture. In fact, two sub-clades, E1b1b1a (E-M78) and E1b1b1c (E-M123) present a higher occurrence in Anatolia, the Balkans and the Italian peninsula, closely resembling to the first principal component described in 1984 and attributed to the spread of farming from the Fertile Crescent in Europe. The other clade, E1b1b1b (E-M81) is associated with the Berber populations and can be found in regions that established a gene flow with Northern Africa, such as the Iberian peninsula, including the Canary Isles, and Sicily. Clans I, E1b1 (E3b), J and G all originate from the Middle East, but only E1b1, J, and G belong to the group of "Early Farmers" - who during the Ice Age still were in the warm regions of Asia and Africa. Clan I had spread into Europe about 25,000 years ago - before the emergence of effective domestication of wild plants and animals in the Middle East. The latter populations of Clans E1b1, J and G came to Europe during the Neolithization of Europe (the arrival of farming) that started about 10,000 years ago.
E1b1 (also known as E-P2 or E-PN2) includes the majority of all E lineages existing today. It diverged into two main haplogroups: E1b1b (M35) approximately 24-27,000 years ago, followed by E1b1a (M2) some 10,000 years later. E1b1b is the most common Y haplogroup among Ethiopians, Somalis, Eritreans, and North African Berbers and Arabs, and is also the third most common haplogroup in Europe. It is also common in the Near East, from where it spread into the Balkans and the rest of Europe.
E1b1b1c1 (shorthand: E-M35) is the dominant sub-clade of E-M123, and it has found in several places in Iberia (Spain & Portugal), with a frequency of 10% in Galicia (Northwestern Spain). This is probably the largest concentration of this haplogroup outside of Ethiopia today. This seems to be highly significant, and may perhaps indicate the presence in Galicia of a colony of Phoenician trader/agriculturists in antiquity. It does appear that it was spread throughout the Mediterranean, perhaps in association with Phoenician or Greek traders, as its presence is found among the populations of islands and mainland locations known to have been colonized by these two seafaring cultures in antiquity. It appears to have a small but significant and ancient Mediterranean dispersal. For example in addition to Northwestern Iberia, it is found in some areas of Sicily as well as in the Albanian speaking community of Cosenza Province in Calabria. The highest levels in Iberia might be on the islands of Minorca and Ibiza. These last two islands in the Balearic archipelago are well known to history as colonies of Phoenicia, Carthage, and Greece.
It has also been suggested that the presence of E1b1b1c1*, along with relatively high percentages of other Middle Eastern and North African Y-haplogroups in Portugal and northwestern Spain may represent an even earlier seaborne migration of Middle Eastern and North African haplogroups in the Neolithic Era. In particular, archaeological evidence points to the Cardial culture of Northern Portugal as an early Neolithic "enclave" in Western Iberia, that defies any simple model of "demic diffusion" from East to West. Dr. Jo?o Zilh?o, PhD., professor of Paleolithic Archaeology at the University of Bristol, wrote in 2000 of evidence supporting "leapfrogging colonization by small seafaring groups of agriculturalists". His theory coincides nicely with what genetic studies of Iberia have show about the presence of Middle Eastern DNA in western and northwestern Iberia. It also explains its presence in relatively isolated locations away from any other obviously related European enclave of Cardial technology. It suggest a very early migration of coast-hopping agriculturalist who reached as far as the Atlantic, and took on an African (Berber) component in their population before passing the Straits of Gibraltar.
Sub Clades of E1b1b1c1 include: 1) E1b1b1c1a which is defined by SNP mutation M84, with M136 defining a sub-clade, E1b1b1c1a1 as of October 2008; the E-M35 Phylogeny Project estimates based on testing so far (in January 2009) that E-M84 is dominant in 6 out of the 8 clusters of E-M35 which that project identifies. And 2) E1b1b1c1b which is defined by SNP mutation M290, a test in 2004 found 1 Palestinian exemplar.
Genetically the Danish male population (like many other European populations) is concise in the sense that about 96-98% of its Y-chromosomes are members of just four haplogroups: R1b (43.2%), R1a (13.7%), I1a (34.2%), E1b1b (4.3%), J2 (3.2%), P (0.4%), N3 (0.3%), and G2 (0.2%). Each of these is from a different Ice-Age refuge, which means that the male populations of North Europe came originally from the Iberian, Balkan, Ukrainian, and Siberian refuges. Therefore, they represent the "Old Europeans" (not the Early Farmers). The percentages of the individual haplogroups are, however, quite different in various parts of Northern Europe, which makes it possible to draw conclusions about where the North Europeans originally came from.
My Y-Haplogroup is E-L795, aka E-PF6747 (formerly E1b1a1b2a1a3a1c); shorthand: E-M84, a subclade of E-M34. E-M34 is found at small frequencies in North Africa and Southern Europe (6.6% in Sicily for example), and has its highest concentration in Ethiopia and the Near East (with highest levels in Oman and Turkey). However, because the diversity is apparently low in Ethiopia, the authors suggest that E-M34 was likely introduced into Ethiopia from the Near East.
Niels Pedersen Skr?dder is a descendant of E1b1b, so obviously at least one of his descendants made his way onto the Danish peninsula of Jylland, where the occurrence of this group is in the 0-1% range! Currently, the occurrence of this group is in the 2-4% range in Eastern Denmark (i.e. the island of Sj?lland), Southern Sweden (i.e. the former Danish provinces of Sk?ne, Halland and Blekinge), Poland, South-Eastern Germany and South-Western Russia.
Possibly my paternal ancestor came to Denmark via Viking trade relations with such Eastern European nations as Poland, Belarus or Ukraine? Or arrived at a later date via trade relations with such Eastern European nations as Germany, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, or later still via trade with a Western European nation, such as Portugal, Spain, France or Italy?
Or possibly the connection stems back to the Danish Viking invasion of England circa 1000 CE. The invasion of Britain by the Roman military in 43 CE, and the subsequent occupation of Britain for nearly four centuries, brought thousands of soldiers from the Balkan peninsula to Britain as part of auxiliary units and as regular legionnaires. The presence of Y-Haplogroup E3b1a-M78 among the male populations of present-day Wales, England and Scotland, and its nearly complete absence among the modern male population of Ireland, provide a potential genetic indicator of settlement during the 1st through 4th Centuries CE by Roman soldiers from the Balkan peninsula and their male Romano-British descendants.
The possible reasons are intriguing and wide ranging!
This database researched and compiled by Norman Lee Madsen, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 21 July 2015.
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1665 - 1705 (> 42 år)
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